{"id":336,"date":"2023-07-07T09:40:05","date_gmt":"2023-07-07T09:40:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/maag.codesupply.co\/gear\/?p=336"},"modified":"2025-01-09T10:01:55","modified_gmt":"2025-01-09T04:31:55","slug":"the-immoral-traffic-prevention-act-1956-combating-exploitation-in-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/karma.law\/insights\/indian-law\/the-immoral-traffic-prevention-act-1956-combating-exploitation-in-india\/","title":{"rendered":"The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956: Combating Exploitation in India"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.indiacode.nic.in\/bitstream\/123456789\/15378\/1\/the_immoral_traffic_%28prevention%29_act%2C_1956.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">The\u00a0<\/span><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956<\/span><\/strong><\/a><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">, is a crucial piece of Indian legislation aimed at preventing and combating immoral traffic, particularly in the context of prostitution and human trafficking. This blog post provides an overview of the Act, its key definitions, and its provisions for the protection and rehabilitation of victims.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"ng-star-inserted\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Purpose and Scope of the Act<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">The Act was enacted to address the exploitation of individuals for commercial purposes, focusing on the prevention of trafficking and prostitution, and it was brought in, in pursuance of an international convention which was signed in 1950. The Act aims to provide a legal framework for the rescue, protection, and rehabilitation of those who are victims of this exploitative practice. It encompasses various offenses related to brothels, prostitution, and the exploitation of women and children.<\/span><\/p>\n<h3 class=\"ng-star-inserted\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Key Definitions Under the Act<\/span><\/h3>\n<ol class=\"ng-star-inserted\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Brothel:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\u00a0Includes any house, room, conveyance, place, or portion used for the purposes of sexual exploitation or abuse, for the gain of another person or for the mutual gain of two or more prostitutes.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Child:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\u00a0A person who has not completed the age of sixteen years.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Corrective Institution:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\u00a0A place, licensed under the act, which detains people in need of correction.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Magistrate:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\u00a0A magistrate specified in the schedule to exercise powers under the act.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Major:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\u00a0A person who has completed the age of eighteen years.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Minor:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\u00a0A person who has completed the age of sixteen years but not the age of eighteen.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Prescribed:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\u00a0Means prescribed by the rules made under this act.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Prostitution:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\u00a0Sexual exploitation or abuse of persons for commercial purpose.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Protective Home:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\u00a0An institution for the care and protection of persons kept under this Act.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Public Place:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\u00a0Any place intended for use by the public and includes any public conveyance.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Special Police Officer:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\u00a0A police officer appointed by the State government to be in charge of police duties in a specific area for purposes of this act.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Trafficking Police Officer:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\u00a0A police officer appointed by the Central government to investigate offences under this act.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 class=\"ng-star-inserted\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Prohibited Activities and Penalties<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">The Act outlines several offenses related to immoral traffic, and it also states punishments for those offenses:<\/span><\/p>\n<ol class=\"ng-star-inserted\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Keeping a Brothel (Section 3):<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Keeping or managing a brothel is punishable with rigorous imprisonment of 1-3 years, along with fine (up to \u20b92,000) for the first offence.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Repeat offenders face imprisonment of 2-5 years along with fine (up to \u20b92,000).<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Allowing premises to be used as a brothel can result in imprisonment of up to two years and fine (up to \u20b92,000). Subsequent violations lead to 5-year imprisonment.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">If there is a newspaper report or proof of search that the premises was used for prostitution, then the presumption is in favour of the premises being used as a brothel.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">If an individual is convicted, then any lease of the property used as a brothel is deemed void.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Living on the Earnings of Prostitution (Section 4):<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Knowingly living on the earnings of a prostitute is punishable with imprisonment for up to two years and\/or fine up to \u20b91,000.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul class=\"ng-star-inserted\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">If the earnings are from prostitution of a child or minor, then it is punishable with imprisonment not less than 7 years, and may extend upto 10 years.<\/span><br class=\"ng-star-inserted\" \/><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">* If it is proven that an individual is living with a prostitute, exercising control over a prostitute, or acting as a pimp for a prostitute, it is assumed that he is living on the earnings of a prostitute.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol class=\"ng-star-inserted\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Procuring, Inducing, or Taking a Person for Prostitution (Section 5):<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Procuring a person for the purpose of prostitution is punishable with imprisonment for 3-7 years and\/or fine up to \u20b92,000.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">If the act of procuring was against the will of the person, then the imprisonment may extend from 7 to 14 years.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">If the person procured is a child, then imprisonment may extend to life. If the person is a minor then imprisonment may extend to 14 years.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Detaining a Person in a Brothel (Section 6):<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Detaining a person in a brothel with or without their consent can lead to imprisonment for not less than 7 years, and may be life or extend upto 10 years, with an additional fine. The Court can impose a lesser sentence if they deem appropriate and record the reasons in writing.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">If a child is found in a brothel, it is presumed that he\/she was detained for the purposes of prostitution. If the child has been sexually abused, then that also acts as a presumption for their exploitation for commercial purposes.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Withholding a person&#8217;s valuables, or threat of legal proceedings, also establishes that there was intent to keep them in the brothel.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Prostitution in or near Public Places (Section 7):<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Prostitution in notified public areas or within 200 meters of religious, educational, or healthcare institutions is punishable with imprisonment of up to 3 months.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">The State Government has powers to designate areas and prohibit prostitution.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Repeat offenders can be punished with up to six months imprisonment. If the premises is a hotel, the license can be suspended or cancelled.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">If an offense is committed in relation to a child or minor, then imprisonment can extend upto life, or 10 years, with a fine.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">If the keeper of public place or premises is aware of prostitution being carried out at the premises and does not take steps to prevent it, then he can be punished with fine or imprisonment or both.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Seducing or Soliciting for Prostitution (Section 8):<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Seducing or soliciting in public for prostitution is punishable with imprisonment up to 6 months and\/or a fine up to \u20b9500. Repeat offences carry longer imprisonment. A male can be imprisoned for a minimum period of 7 days and may extend to three months.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Seduction of a person in custody (Section 9):<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">If someone in a position of authority or in custody seduces or abets seduction of a person for the purpose of prostitution, then they shall be punished with imprisonment, which may not be less than 7 years and can extend upto life, or a term that may extend upto 10 years and also be liable to fine. A court can give a lesser sentence, for adequate and special reasons.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 class=\"ng-star-inserted\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Key Aspects of the Act<\/span><\/h3>\n<ol class=\"ng-star-inserted\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Rescue of Person (Section 16):<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\u00a0Magistrates are empowered to direct police officers to enter brothels to rescue individuals living or being made to engage in prostitution. Any rescued person needs to be produced before the magistrate immediately.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Protective Homes (Section 21):<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\u00a0The Act establishes protective homes to rehabilitate and provide care to those rescued. The State government can establish such homes, and their maintenance and regulation is under the government. The Central Government also provides grants to states for this purpose.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Special Police Officers (Section 13):<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\u00a0The Act provides for appointment of special police officers who are not below the rank of an inspector, to deal with offences under the Act. A district magistrate may also give these powers to a retired police officer. They are required to be assisted by a sufficient number of police officers and they may also be assisted by a non official advisory body to provide support in their functions.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Trafficking Police Officers (Section 13(4)):<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\u00a0The central government has the power to appoint trafficking police officers who have the power to investigate offences under the Act in more than one state.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Search Without Warrant (Section 15):<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\u00a0Special police officers or trafficking police officers have the authority to search premises without a warrant if they have reasonable grounds to believe an offense has been committed.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<ul class=\"ng-star-inserted\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">They are required to call 2 respected witnesses (atleast one of whom should be a woman) to the search<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">After the search, the person is produced before a magistrate.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<ol class=\"ng-star-inserted\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Protection of Action in Good Faith:<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\u00a0All actions taken under this law are protected, for any person acting in good faith under this Act.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Cognizance of Offences<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Offences under the Act are cognizable. An arrest without warrant can be made only by a special police officer and following his procedure, or when the need to arrest without warrant is such that waiting for an order from the special police officer would allow a person to escape or to destroy evidence.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">All offences under the Act are bailable, unless specified.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Special Courts (Section 22A):<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\u00a0State and Central governments have the power to set up special courts for speedy trials of the offences.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<h3 class=\"ng-star-inserted\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Additional Provisions:<\/span><\/h3>\n<ul class=\"ng-star-inserted\" style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Power to make Rules<\/span><\/strong><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">: The state government is empowered to make rules and regulations to implement this Act.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><strong class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Removal of Prostitutes from places (Section 20):<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n<ul class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Magistrates are empowered to initiate actions for removal of prostitutes from places they are residing or frequenting, and also prohibit them from re-entering those areas.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<li class=\"ng-star-inserted\">\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">If a person re-enters without permission then they may be punishable with fine.<\/span><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<h3 class=\"ng-star-inserted\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">Conclusion<\/span><\/h3>\n<p class=\"ng-star-inserted\" style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span class=\"ng-star-inserted\">The Immoral Traffic (Prevention) Act, 1956, serves as a vital legal instrument in India&#8217;s fight against human trafficking and exploitation. It provides a framework for enforcement, protection, and rehabilitation, and understanding its provisions is crucial for all citizens and legal professionals in order to build a society which has dignity and respect for everyone.<\/span><\/p>\n\n\n<div data-wp-interactive=\"core\/file\" class=\"wp-block-file\"><object data-wp-bind--hidden=\"!state.hasPdfPreview\" hidden class=\"wp-block-file__embed\" data=\"https:\/\/karma.law\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/the_immoral_traffic_prevention_act_1956.pdf\" type=\"application\/pdf\" style=\"width:100%;height:600px\" aria-label=\"Embed of the_immoral_traffic_(prevention)_act,_1956.\"><\/object><a id=\"wp-block-file--media-ab48c9bd-26e0-4c0f-b5d6-0ff615161e7f\" href=\"https:\/\/karma.law\/insights\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/the_immoral_traffic_prevention_act_1956.pdf\">the_immoral_traffic_(prevention)_act,_1956<\/a><a 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trafficking.","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":3613,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"csco_display_header_overlay":false,"csco_singular_sidebar":"","csco_page_header_type":"default","csco_page_load_nextpost":"","csco_post_video_location":[],"csco_post_video_location_hash":"qw9hgcrc5hjlv7qmpue","csco_post_video_url":"","csco_post_video_bg_start_time":24,"csco_post_video_bg_end_time":27,"footnotes":""},"categories":[54,30,2],"tags":[89,93,88,91,90,92,72],"class_list":{"0":"post-336","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-crime-against-women","8":"category-criminal-law-in-india","9":"category-indian-law","10":"tag-brothel-law","11":"tag-exploitation-law","12":"tag-human-trafficking-law-india","13":"tag-immoral-traffic-prevention-act","14":"tag-prostitution-law-india","15":"tag-trafficking-prevention","16":"tag-womens-rights","17":"cs-entry","18":"cs-video-wrap"},"yoast_head":"<!-- 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